Cambios en el cerebro: Una mirada a los hallazgos neuropatológicos

Hoy queremos compartir con vosotros un estudio publicado en la revista Epilepsia, liderado por la doctora Danielle Andrade, con quien colaboramos también en varios estudios de adultos con síndrome de Dravet. Este estudio está basado en el análisis post mortem del cerebro de una mujer de 55 años con síndrome de Dravet.

La paciente, con una mutación patogénica en el gen SCN1A, presentó los síntomas clásicos del síndrome de Dravet desde la infancia: crisis epilépticas resistentes a medicamentos, discapacidad intelectual, ataxia progresiva, parkinsonismo y deterioro cognitivo. Falleció tras una breve enfermedad respiratoria y el análisis post mórtem revela alteraciones únicas que nos ayudan a entender mejor cómo esta condición afecta el cerebro en la adultez.

A continuación, desglosamos los principales hallazgos:

Acumulación de «corporales amiláceos»: Desechos cerebrales acumulados

Uno de los descubrimientos más llamativos fue la presencia de una gran cantidad de corporales amiláceos (CA), descritos como «wasteosomes» o desechos acumulados, en la superficie del cerebro, especialmente en la corteza dorsolateral, el hipocampo y la amígdala. Estos CA son pequeñas estructuras esféricas formadas por restos de glucosa y proteínas que se acumulan cuando el cerebro no logra eliminar desechos de manera eficiente. En esta paciente, se encontraron no solo en áreas esperadas, como el hipocampo (común en epilepsias), sino también en regiones más amplias, cubriendo prácticamente toda la superficie del cerebro. Este hallazgo es inusual y sugiere un problema en el sistema glinfático, el mecanismo que actúa como el «sistema de limpieza» del cerebro.

El sistema glinfático elimina toxinas y desechos metabólicos, especialmente durante el sueño profundo. En el síndrome de Dravet, las crisis epilépticas nocturnas, que son frecuentes en adultos, podrían estar interfiriendo con este proceso, llevando a una acumulación de desechos. Este fenómeno podría compararse con un sistema de drenaje obstruido en una casa: si no se limpia regularmente, los desechos se acumulan y afectan el funcionamiento general.

Depósitos de proteínas p62 y TMEM106B: Problemas en el reciclaje celular

El estudio también encontró depósitos de proteínas específicas, p62 y TMEM106B, en regiones clave como la amígdala, el hipocampo, la corteza entorrinal y la sustancia blanca del cerebro. Estas proteínas están relacionadas con la autofagia, un proceso celular que actúa como un «sistema de reciclaje», eliminando componentes dañados o innecesarios, como proteínas mal plegadas o mitocondrias defectuosas. La acumulación de p62 sugiere que este sistema de reciclaje no está funcionando correctamente, lo que podría estar relacionado con las crisis epilépticas frecuentes y el estrés metabólico que estas generan en el cerebro.

Por su parte, los depósitos de TMEM106B, observados especialmente en la corteza temporal, refuerzan la idea de una disfunción en los mecanismos de limpieza cerebral. Estas proteínas suelen acumularse en enfermedades neurodegenerativas o en procesos de envejecimiento, lo que lleva a los investigadores a plantear que el cerebro de esta paciente podría estar mostrando signos de envejecimiento acelerado, un aspecto que no se había estudiado ampliamente en adultos con síndrome de Dravet.

Reactividad de acuaporina 4: Una pista sobre el sistema glinfático

Otro hallazgo importante fue la presencia de una reactividad prominente de acuaporina 4, una proteína que regula el flujo de líquidos en el cerebro y es esencial para el funcionamiento del sistema glinfático. La acuaporina 4 ayuda a mover el líquido cefalorraquídeo a través del cerebro para eliminar desechos. La alta presencia de esta proteína en las áreas afectadas sugiere que el cerebro podría estar intentando compensar una insuficiencia en el sistema glinfático, pero sin éxito completo. Este hallazgo refuerza la hipótesis de que las crisis epilép, especialmente las nocturnas, podrían estar interfiriendo con la capacidad del cerebro para «limpiarse» adecuadamente.

Pérdida de neuronas: Un signo de posible neurodegeneración

El análisis también mostró una pérdida de neuronas en regiones críticas del cerebro:

  • Cerebelo (células de Purkinje): Estas células son esenciales para la coordinación motora. Su pérdida significativa en algunas áreas del cerebelo podría explicar la ataxia y los problemas de movimiento, como el parkinsonismo, que la paciente desarrolló con el tiempo.
  • Sustancia nigra: Esta región, importante para el control motor y la producción de dopamina, mostró una leve pérdida de neuronas, lo que podría estar relacionado con los síntomas parkinsonianos observados, como rigidez y dificultad para caminar.
  • Neocórtex: Aunque no hubo una pérdida masiva de neuronas, se observó una disminución en ciertas áreas, junto con una reacción de las células gliales (astrocitos), lo que indica un daño neuronal progresivo.

Curiosamente, a pesar de estos signos de degeneración, no se encontraron depósitos de proteínas mal plegadas típicas de enfermedades neurodegenerativas como el Alzheimer (amiloide-β) o la demencia por cuerpos de Lewy (α-sinucleína). Esto sugiere que los cambios observados no son idénticos a los de estas enfermedades, sino que podrían ser específicos del síndrome de Dravet o de un proceso de envejecimiento cerebral acelerado impulsado por las crisis epilépticas y el estrés metabólico.

¿Qué significa todo esto?

Estos hallazgos son un paso crucial para entender cómo el síndrome de Dravet afecta el cerebro a largo plazo. La acumulación de desechos, los problemas en el reciclaje celular y la pérdida neuronal apuntan a una insuficiencia glinfática crónica y una posible neurodegeneración que no encaja con los patrones de otras enfermedades conocidas. Las crisis epilépticas, especialmente durante el sueño, podrían estar contribuyendo a estos cambios al interrumpir los procesos normales de limpieza y reparación del cerebro. Además, la ausencia de proteínas mal plegadas típicas sugiere que el síndrome de Dravet podría tener un perfil neuropatológico único, que merece más investigación.

Sin duda alguna, este tipo de estudios y estos descubrimientos son clave para entender la evolución del síndrome de Dravet en la adultez, al abordar no solo las fases iniciales del síndrome, sino también el envejecimiento cerebral y la neurodegeneración. En la Fundación Síndrome de Dravet, seguimos impulsando la investigación para mejorar la calidad de vida de las familias. Si quieres saber más sobre este estudio o cómo apoyar nuestra labor, no dudes en contactarnos.

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TERMS & CONDITIONS

The Dravet Syndrome Conference 2023 is organised by Dravet Syndrome Foundation Spain, whose registered office is located at Calle Doctor Fleming, 30, 28036 Madrid, Spain.

The conference shall take place at the Official College of Nursing of Madrid, at Avenida de Menéndez Pelayo, 93, 28007 Madrid, Spain, on Thursday 23rd of March 2023. Attendance to this conference is free of charge, but mandatory for organisational reasons.

Participants must register online at www.dravetconference.com. Upon registration, each participant will receive an electronic confirmation by email. On-site registration will not be be possible. If a participant has not received the official email registration confirmation within 3 days, they must contact the conference secretariat at research@dravetfoundation.eu.

The conference registration includes: Attendance to all sessions, oral and visual presentations, all coffee and lunch breaks, and conference documentation with all information about the event. The registration does not include travel and accommodation costs or any other personal expenses.

Admittance to the conference without registration cannot be granted.

Conference Attendance
Upon arrival at the Official College of Nursing of Madrid the day of the event, all participants have to check-in at the onsite Conference Registration Desk. The desk will open on 23rd of March at 8:30 a.m. Upon registration onsite, the conference team will provide participants with information about the event and a badge, which should be worn visibly at all times. The personalised badge authorises participants to attend all conference sessions, and lunch and coffee breaks.

Cancellation Policy
Dravet Syndrome Foundation Spain reserves the right to cancel any registration forthwith and without liability on its part in the event of any damage to, or destruction of the venue by fire, shortage of labour, strikes, industrial unrest, public health measures, or any other cause beyond the control of the Dravet Syndrome Foundation Spain, which shall prevent it from performing its obligations. In these circumstances, every effort will be made to find an alternative format/venue or propose a new date for the conference. Should the conference be cancelled for any reason, airfares, hotels, or other costs incurred by the participants are not reimbursed by the Dravet Syndrome Foundation Spain.

Any participant is allowed to cancel his/her registration but must notify this to the conference organisers by e-mail at research@dravetfoundation.eu within a minimum of 10 days prior the event. Failure to attend the event without prior written notification by email may incur a no-show fee, which shall cover individual organizational, material and catering costs.

Name Change
All registrations are only valid for the respective person mentioned in the form. A registered participant unable to attend the conference may nominate (free of charge) a substitute participant by notifying the conference organisers by email at research@dravetfoundation.eu before 16th of March 2023. The procedure allows giving the last name, first name, and email address of the new participant.

Personal Data
Upon registration, the participant authorises Dravet Syndrome Foundation Spain to use their personal data stated above to inform the participant of any further conferences, events, or information concerning the conference and Dravet Syndrome Foundation Spain’s activities. The conference booklet online will only contain authors, titles, and affiliations of submitted abstracts, but no full abstract texts. The conference printed booklet will contain full abstract texts from all participants. Conference certificates will be sent to the participants as a PDF document upon request at research@dravetfoundation.eu. Only the name & affiliation will be stated in the certificate, not the email addresses of the participants.

Information is collected by an automated computer system that manages registrations. Security and confidentiality are guaranteed by state-of-the-art technical tools. However, Dravet Syndrome Foundation Spain declines any responsibility concerning data security transmitted through the internet.

Photography
The conference is held in public; therefore, we do not ban participants, exhibitors, partners and other companies from taking photographs of conference activities and participants, and share it via social media. By participating in the conference, you approve that general pictures will be taken and used for our Social Media output, our websites and other communication purposes. You hereby waive any right to oppose, and expressly authorise the organiser to make them available on the Internet or as it may seem fit. Author’s presentation slides shall not be photographed by any conference participant. 

Disclaimer
The conference organiser cannot be held responsible for any loss, injury or damage to any property, whatever the cause may be. Should, for any reason outside the organiser’s control (e.g., political or economic circumstances or a case of ‘force majeure’), the venue or speakers change, or the event be cancelled, the organiser will endeavour to reschedule, but shall not be held responsible for any costs, damages or expenses incurred by the participants. If for any reason the organiser decides to make material changes to this conference, the organiser is not responsible for airfares, hotels or other costs incurred by the participants. The participant takes part in the conference, all tours, and trips at his own risk.

Copyright
The participant is allowed to use the conference documentation exclusively for his/her personal needs.

TERMS & CONDITIONS

The European Dravet Syndrome Advanced Therapies (EDSAT) Meeting 2023 is organised by Dravet Syndrome Foundation Spain, whose registered office is located at Calle Doctor Fleming, 30, 28036 Madrid, Spain.

The conference shall take place at the Official College of Nursing of Madrid, at Avenida de Menéndez Pelayo, 93, 28007 Madrid, Spain, on Friday 24th of March 2023. Attendance to this conference is free of charge, but mandatory for organisational reasons.

Participants must register online at www.dravetconference.com. Upon registration, each participant will receive an electronic confirmation by email. On-site registration will not be be possible. If a participant has not received the official email registration confirmation within 3 days, they must contact the conference secretariat at research@dravetfoundation.eu.

The conference registration includes: Attendance to all sessions, oral and visual presentations, all coffee and lunch breaks, and conference documentation with all information about the event. The registration does not include travel and accommodation costs or any other personal expenses.

Admittance to the conference without registration cannot be granted.

Conference Attendance
Upon arrival at the Official College of Nursing of Madrid the day of the event, all participants have to check-in at the onsite Conference Registration Desk. The desk will open on 24th of March at 8:30 a.m. Upon registration onsite, the conference team will provide participants with information about the event and a badge, which should be worn visibly at all times. The personalised badge authorises participants to attend all conference sessions, and lunch and coffee breaks.

Cancellation Policy
Dravet Syndrome Foundation Spain reserves the right to cancel any registration forthwith and without liability on its part in the event of any damage to, or destruction of the venue by fire, shortage of labour, strikes, industrial unrest, public health measures, or any other cause beyond the control of the Dravet Syndrome Foundation Spain, which shall prevent it from performing its obligations. In these circumstances, every effort will be made to find an alternative format/venue or propose a new date for the conference. Should the conference be cancelled for any reason, airfares, hotels, or other costs incurred by the participants are not reimbursed by the Dravet Syndrome Foundation Spain.

Any participant is allowed to cancel his/her registration but must notify this to the conference organisers by e-mail at research@dravetfoundation.eu within a minimum of 10 days prior the event. Failure to attend the event without prior written notification
by email may incur a no-show fee, which shall cover individual organizational, material and catering costs.

Name Change
All registrations are only valid for the respective person mentioned in the form. A registered participant unable to attend the conference may nominate (free of charge) a substitute participant by notifying the conference organisers by email at research@dravetfoundation.eu before 17th of March 2023. The procedure allows giving the last name, first name, and email address of the new participant.

Personal Data
Upon registration, the participant authorises Dravet Syndrome Foundation Spain to use their personal data stated above to inform the participant of any further conferences, events, or information concerning the conference and Dravet Syndrome Foundation Spain’s activities. The conference booklet online will only contain authors, titles, and affiliations of submitted abstracts, but no full abstract texts. The conference printed booklet will contain full abstract texts from all participants. Conference certificates will be sent to the participants as a PDF document upon request at research@dravetfoundation.eu. Only the name & affiliation will be stated in the certificate, not the email addresses of the participants.

Information is collected by an automated computer system that manages registrations. Security and confidentiality are guaranteed by state-of-the-art technical tools. However, Dravet Syndrome Foundation Spain declines any responsibility concerning data security transmitted through the internet.

Photography
The conference is held in public; therefore, we do not ban participants, exhibitors, partners and other companies from taking photographs of conference activities and participants, and share it via social media. By participating in the conference, you approve that general pictures will be taken and used for our Social Media output, our websites and other communication purposes. You hereby waive any right to oppose, and expressly authorise the organiser to make them available on the Internet or as it may seem fit. Author’s presentation slides shall not be photographed by any conference participant.

Disclaimer
The conference organiser cannot be held responsible for any loss, injury or damage to any property, whatever the cause may be. Should, for any reason outside the organiser’s control (e.g., political or economic circumstances or a case of ‘force majeure’), the venue or speakers change, or the event be cancelled, the organiser will endeavour to reschedule, but shall not be held responsible for any costs, damages or expenses incurred by the participants. If for any reason the organiser decides to make material changes to this conference, the organiser is not responsible for airfares, hotels or other costs incurred by the participants. The participant takes part in the conference, all tours, and trips at his own risk.

Copyright
The participant is allowed to use the conference documentation exclusively for his/her personal needs.

TERMS & CONDITIONS

The European Dravet Syndrome Advanced Therapies (EDSAT) Meeting 2022 is organised by Dravet Syndrome Foundation Spain, whose registered office is located at Calle Doctor Fleming, 30, 28036 Madrid, Spain.

The conference shall take place at the Illustrious Official College of Physicians of Madrid, at Calle de Santa Isabel, 51, 28012 Madrid, Spain, on Friday 1st of April 2022. Attendance to this conference is free of charge, but mandatory for organisational reasons. Participants must register online at www.dravetconference.com. Upon registration, each participant will receive an electronic confirmation by email. On-site registration will not be be possible. If a participant has not received the official email registration confirmation within 3 days, they must contact the conference secretariat at research@dravetfoundation.eu.

The conference registration includes: Attendance to all sessions, oral and visual presentations, all coffee and lunch breaks, and conference documentation with all information about the event. The registration does not comprise travelling and accommodation costs or any other personal expenses.

Admittance to the workshop without registration cannot be granted.

Conference Attendance
Upon arrival at the Illustrious Official College of Physicians of Madrid the day of the event, all participants have to register at the onsite Conference Registration Desk. The desk will open on 1st of April at 8:30 a.m. Upon registration onsite, the conference team will provide participants with information about the event and a badge, which should be worn visibly at all times. The personalised badge authorises participants to attend all conference sessions, and lunch and coffee breaks.

Cancellation Policy
Dravet Syndrome Foundation Spain reserves the right to cancel any registration forthwith and without liability on its part in the event of any damage to, or destruction of the venue by fire, shortage of labour, strikes, industrial unrest, public health measures, or any other cause beyond the control of the Dravet Syndrome Foundation Spain, which shall prevent it from performing its obligations. In these circumstances, every effort will be made to find an alternative format/venue or propose a new date for the conference. Should the conference be cancelled for any reason, airfares, hotels, or other costs incurred by the participants are not reimbursed by the Dravet Syndrome Foundation Spain.

Any participant is allowed to cancel his/her registration but must notify this to the conference organisers by e-mail at research@dravetfoundation.eu within a minimum of 10 days
prior the event. Failure to attend the event without prior written notification
by email may incur a no-show fee, which shall cover individual organizational,
material and catering costs.

Name Change
All registrations are only valid for the respective person mentioned in the form. A registered participant unable to attend the conference may nominate (free of charge) a substitute participant by notifying the conference organisers by email at research@dravetfoundation.eu before 24th of March 2022. The procedure allows giving the last name, first name, and email address of the new participant.

Personal Data
Upon registration, the participant authorises Dravet Syndrome Foundation Spain to use their personal data stated above to inform the participant of any further conferences, events, or information concerning the conference and Dravet Syndrome Foundation Spain’s activities. The conference booklet online will only contain authors, titles, and affiliations of submitted abstracts, but no full abstract texts. The conference printed booklet will contain full abstract texts from all participants. Conference certificates will be sent to the participants as a PDF document upon request at research@dravetfoundation.eu. Only the name & affiliation will be stated in the certificate, not the email addresses of the participants.

Information is collected by an automated computer system that manages registrations. Security and confidentiality are guaranteed by state-of-the-art technical tools. However, Dravet Syndrome Foundation Spain declines any responsibility concerning data security transmitted through the internet.

Photography
The conference is held in public; therefore, we do not ban participants, exhibitors, partners and other companies from taking photographs of conference activities and participants, and share it via social media. By participating in the conference, you approve that general pictures will be taken and used for our Social Media output, our websites and other communication purposes. You hereby waive any right to oppose, and expressly authorise the organiser to make them available on the Internet or as it may seem fit. Author’s presentation slides shall not be photographed by any conference participant.

Disclaimer
The conference organiser cannot be held responsible for any loss, injury or damage to any property, whatever the cause may be. Should, for any reason outside the organiser’s control (e.g., political or economic circumstances or a case of ‘force majeure’), the venue or speakers change, or the event be cancelled, the organiser will endeavour to reschedule, but shall not be held responsible for any costs, damages or expenses incurred by the participants. If for any reason the organiser decides to make material changes to this conference, the organiser is not responsible for airfares, hotels or other costs incurred by the participants. The participant takes part in the conference, all tours, and trips at his own risk.

Copyright
The participant is allowed to use the conference documentation exclusively for his/her personal needs.

TERMS & CONDITIONS

The Dravet Syndrome Conference 2022 is organised by Dravet Syndrome Foundation Spain, whose registered office is located at Calle Doctor Fleming, 30, 28036 Madrid, Spain.

The conference shall take place at the Illustrious Official College of Physicians of Madrid, at Calle de Santa Isabel, 51, 28012 Madrid, Spain, on Thursday 31st of March 2022. Attendance to this conference is free of charge, but mandatory for organisational reasons. Participants must register online at www.dravetconference.com. Upon registration, each participant will receive an electronic confirmation by email. On-site registration will not be be possible. If a participant has not received the official email registration confirmation within 3 days, they must contact the conference secretariat at research@dravetfoundation.eu.

The conference registration includes: Attendance to all sessions, oral and visual presentations, all coffee and lunch breaks, and conference documentation with all information about the event. The registration does not include travel and accommodation costs or any other personal expenses.

Admittance to the conference without registration cannot be granted.

Conference Attendance
Upon arrival at the Illustrious Official College of Physicians of Madrid the day of the event, all participants have to register at the onsite Conference Registration Desk. The desk will open on 31st of March at 8:30 a.m. Upon registration onsite, the conference team will provide participants with information about the event and a badge, which should be worn visibly at all times. The personalised badge authorises participants to attend all conference sessions, and lunch and coffee breaks. 

Cancellation Policy
Dravet Syndrome Foundation Spain reserves the right to cancel any registration forthwith and without liability on its part in the event of any damage to, or destruction of the venue by fire, shortage of labour, strikes, industrial unrest, public health measures, or any other cause beyond the control of the Dravet Syndrome Foundation Spain, which shall prevent it from performing its obligations. In these circumstances, every effort will be made to find an alternative format/venue or propose a new date for the conference. Should the conference be cancelled for any reason, airfares, hotels, or other costs incurred by the participants are not reimbursed by the Dravet Syndrome Foundation Spain.

Any participant is allowed to cancel his/her registration but must notify this to the conference organisers by e-mail at research@dravetfoundation.eu within a minimum of 10 days prior the event. Failure to attend the event without prior written notification by email may incur a no-show fee, which shall cover individual organizational, material and catering costs.

Name Change
All registrations are only valid for the respective person mentioned in the form. A registered participant unable to attend the conference may nominate (free of charge) a substitute participant by notifying the conference organisers by email at research@dravetfoundation.eu before 24th of March 2022. The procedure allows giving the last name, first name, and email address of the new participant.

Personal Data
Upon registration, the participant authorises Dravet Syndrome Foundation Spain to use their personal data stated above to inform the participant of any further conferences, events, or information concerning the conference and Dravet Syndrome Foundation Spain’s activities. The conference booklet online will only contain authors, titles, and affiliations of submitted abstracts, but no full abstract texts. The conference printed booklet will contain full abstract texts from all participants. Conference certificates will be sent to the participants as a PDF document upon request at research@dravetfoundation.eu. Only the name & affiliation will be stated in the certificate, not the email addresses of the participants.

Information is collected by an automated computer system that manages registrations. Security and confidentiality are guaranteed by state-of-the-art technical tools. However, Dravet Syndrome Foundation Spain declines any responsibility concerning data security transmitted through the internet.

Photography
The conference is held in public; therefore, we do not ban participants, exhibitors, partners and other companies from taking photographs of conference activities and participants, and share it via social media. By participating in the conference, you approve that general pictures will be taken and used for our Social Media output, our websites and other communication purposes. You hereby waive any right to oppose, and expressly authorise the organiser to make them available on the Internet or as it may seem fit. Author’s presentation slides shall not be photographed by any conference participant. 

Disclaimer
The conference organiser cannot be held responsible for any loss, injury or damage to any property, whatever the cause may be. Should, for any reason outside the organiser’s control (e.g., political or economic circumstances or a case of ‘force majeure’), the venue or speakers change, or the event be cancelled, the organiser will endeavour to reschedule, but shall not be held responsible for any costs, damages or expenses incurred by the participants. If for any reason the organiser decides to make material changes to this conference, the organiser is not responsible for airfares, hotels or other costs incurred by the participants. The participant takes part in the conference, all tours, and trips at his own risk.

Copyright
The participant is allowed to use the conference documentation exclusively for his/her personal needs.